CMV Infection Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

CMV Infection Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Virus Strain Variation An important variable that may impact the prognosis of infection may be viral strain variation. It has been hypothesized that some clinical strains of CMV are intrinsically more harmful, based on variability in genes implicated in viral pathogenesis. Some subtypes of CMV classified on the basis of their UL144 (TNF receptor homolog) sequence were described as being more likely to be associated with symptomatic disease (Arav-Boger etal., 2006), irrespective of the viral load. On the other hand, other studies were unable to confirm any association with UL144 genotype and the outcome of infection. No differences in clinical outcome could be attributed to variants of the CK homologs, UL146 and UL147 (Heo etal., 2008). When genotypes based on the sequence heterogeneity in the envelope glycoprotein gene, gN (UL73), were compared, congenital infection with one genotype, gN-1, was associated with an improved prognosis with respect to long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae (Pignatelli etal., 2003). In another study of infants with congenital infection, the distribution of genotypes for the gB glycoprotein gene (UL55) showed significant differences, depending upon the disease classification observed, but no information was reported on long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae (Jin etal., 2007). Differences in virulence between strains of HCMV may reflect their abilities to attach to cells. HCMV strains Toledo (low passage in cell culture), Towne and AD169 (cell culture-adapted) exhibited differences in virulence in vaccinated volunteers. Growth differences relative to virulence of the various HCMV isolates have also been observed in endothelial cells. Differences in glycoproteins may be the reason for the differences in abilities to attach and replicate in cells. HCMV was originally classified into four genotypes of gB, each with a characteristic nucleotide and peptide sequence, but later, a fifth glycoprotein genotype has been identified (Sweet, 1999). Clinical HCMV isolates are slower growing on human fibroblast cells and differ from laboratory adapted strains of HCMV in that they encode additional sequences in the ULb locus (about 19kb), which is believed to be associated with viral pathogenicity and/or the ability of the virus to grow on epithelial/endothelial cells (Hahn et al., 2004). This locus is rapidly mutated and deleted in the process of adaptation of the virus to tissue culture fibroblast cells (Dargan et al., 2010). The UL128-131 genes in the ULb locus have been demonstrated to be necessary for virus entry into epithelial and endothelial cells by a newly identified endocytic method of cell entry that is different from the pathway of infection in fibroblast cells (Ryckman et al., 2006). Epidemiology Human CMV is an ancient virus that is ubiquitous in human populations, reaching a prevalence of 100% in Africa and Asia, and approximately 80% in Europe and the USA, depending on socioeconomic status (Cannon et al., 2010). CMV infection is widespread and occurs worldwide. (Bate et al., 2010). Seroprevalence rates vary depending on age (higher rates are observed among older persons), geography (higher rates in developing countries), and socioeconomic status (higher rates in economically depressed regions) (Bate et al., 2010, and Cannon etal., 2010). Primary CMV infection occurs most commonly during the first 2 decades of life (Joseph et al., 2006). Non-white race, low socio-economic status, premature birth, and neonatal intensive care unit admittance are among the important risk factors for congenital CMV infection (Kenneson and Cannon, 2007).Congenital CMV infection can occur in 0.5-2% of all pregnancies, often with devastating consequences for the developing fetus (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Among congenitally infected infants, approximately 10% have signs and symptoms of disease at birth. Although the remaining 90% of infants are asymptomatic at birth, 10-15% will subsequently develop permanent sequelae, including sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation (Cheeran et al., 2009). It has been reported that 25% of congenitally infected infants whose mother had a primary HCMV infection during pregnancy had at least one sequela, compared with 8% in infants born to women with recurrent infection (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). The impact of congenital CMV is greater in the developed world because of the number of CMV negative wo men of child bearing age and the risk of primary infection during pregnancy which substantially increases the likelihood of congenital infection (Colugnati et al., 2007). In the developed world, congenital HCMV is the second most common cause of mental retardation next to Downs syndrome (Dollard et al., 2007). Additionally, HCMV related deafness occurs at a greater frequency than that related to Hemophilus influenza infection in the preHIB vaccine era (McGregor and Choi, 2015). Transplacental transmission of virus occurs in about one-third of mothers with primary CMV infection (Kenneson and Cannon, 2007), and approximately one-half of these infections in utero result in a symptomatic clinical syndrome (Adler et al., 2007). Epidemiological data suggest that the timing of acquisition of primary infection relative to the establishment of pregnancy is an important factor in establishing the risk to the fetus for in utero transmission (Revello et al., 2006). The infection is acquired by 40% of children within the first decade of life. Seroprevalence increases to 80% by the age of 60 (Kenneson and Cannon, 2007). Most HIV-infected individuals are seropositive for CMV. HIV infection accelerates the development of CMV-dependant immunological abnormalities (Barrett et al., 2012). In Africa, the prevalence of CMV IgG among HIV-negative adults was 81.8% (range 55-97%). For HIV-infected adults the pooled CMV IgG seroprevalence was lower among those with clinically defined AIDS (81.9%, range 59-100%) than among asymptomatic HIV-infected adults (94.8%, range 71-100%), consistent with the notion of weaker humoral responses associated with AIDS progression. It is also possible that some non-HIV infected adults are infected but do not mount a measurable IgG response. Among pregnant women seroprevalence mirrored that among healthy blood donors, although the HIV status of participants was not always stated. In children, pooled seroprevalence was 88.1% (range 80-100%). With this very high seroprevalence in children, even in very young infants, one would expect seroprevalence among adults to be consistently close to 100% (Bates and Brantsaeter, 2016). In Egypt, the seroprevalence of CMV infection among pregnant women and acute lymphoblastic leukaemic patients was 100%(Bates and Brantsaeter, 2016). Pathogenesis CMV employs at least two distinct, cell-type specific mechanisms of cell entry. Entry of CMV into endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated by endocytosis in a pH-dependent fashion; in contrast, entry into fibroblasts is non-endocytic, and pH-independent. CMV fibroblast entry is believed to be initiated by binding of virion-associated gB to a cell surface receptor, followed by fusion with the cell membrane in a process that requires a complex of three other glycoproteins: gH, gL, and gO (Ryckman etal., 2006). In contrast to the model of CMV entry for fibroblasts, endocytic entry of CMV into endothelial and epithelial cells requires a complex of gH, gL, and three other proteins encoded by a region of the CMV genome referred to as the UL128-131 gene locus (Wang and Shenk, 2005). The pathologic effect of a CMV-encoded gene is believed to be mediated directly by that gene product; in other situations, CMV infection leads to downstream effects on cellular gene expression that then may potentially lead to pathologic outcomes. In many circumstances, CMV gene products mediate more than one pathogenic effect and there is considerable overlap across these categories (Schleiss, 2011). Following infection, the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the major 72-kilodalton IE protein is transcribed more abundantly than any other mRNA as a result of an upstream regulatory sequence of DNA that competes more efficiently for ribonucleic acid polymerase 11 (Stinski, 1984). These upstream enhancer sequences constitute the first step in the regulation of CMV gene expression. The 72-kilodalton protein is then transported back to the nucleus, presumably to influence the switch from restricted transcription of the long unique sequence to more extensive transcription. A block in the synthesis of IE proteins disrupts any further transcription of the viral genome, suggesting that these proteins may play a major role in determining whether a CMV infection is latent, persistent, or productive (Spector and Spector, 1984). The pathogenesis of disease associated with acute CMV infection has been attributed to lytic virus replication, with end-organ damage occurring either secondary to virus-mediated cell death or from pathologic host immune responses targeting virus-infected cells (Britt et al., 2008).

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Human dealing with different mission, depending on the job environment and the problem space is called as the processor of information. This concept describes how does the man processes job oriented representational information. Information processing concept mainly describes the processes of human problem solving, features of information system that carries out the processes and the nature of job environment in which the processes function. Definite differences in the behavior by individuals and by responsibilities, and also the general expectedness of intelligent behavior from the requirements of the job are the general features of human behavior. This challenges all attempts to develop human thinking. In human problem solving memory, handling, programs, retrieval time, etc are the main constitutes of information processing system. Each person is a member of inhabitants. Every person differs methodically, unique inherent grant and historical treasure. This study has been studied in detail in this book by developing a discussion on Chess, symbolic logic and algebra like puzzles. Th...

 Benefits of encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour Essay

When it comes to behaviour it can be easy to focus on what we need to stop children from doing. The problem with this approach is that it does not help children know what they should be doing. This means that nowadays there is much more emphasis on encouraging positive behaviour . A good starting point is to think about the positive behaviour or goals that you should be encouraging in children. This may be outlined in your settings policy or you may need to observe what other staff seem to encourage. If you are working in a setting that several ages of children notice the way in which there are different expectations according to the age of the children Why encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour works 1. It helps children to learn what they need to do 2. It creates calmer environment and stronger relationships 3. Children respond well 4. Children learn from adults Skills and techniques for positive behaviour 1. Rewards 2. Attention 3. Praise 4. Star charts 5. Being given responsibility 6. Treats 7. Stickers 8. Timing 9. Explanation 10. Public acknowledged Settings for children and young people Children centres children aged 0-5yrs Day care facilcity children ages 0-5yrs A home setting children aged 0-8yrs Extended care children and young people 4-16yrs Youth activity club young 11-16yrs A reception class ks1 in a primary school A crà ¨che for children up to the age up to 5yrs Attention seeking What a child does Many children show attention seeking behaviour at times . it can be a sign of insecurity or in some cases mean that children have become used to having a lot of adult attention How to deal with it It is often best to ignore attention seeking behaviour unless it is dangerous as by challenging it you may be teaching children that they can get attention this way Biting What a child does Many toddlers bite especially if they are in group care. Biting is often linked to frustration and can become a habit How to deal with it Act immediately Give the victim attention first Once a child has bitten, it is likely that another bite will follow Behaviour problems that should be referred Biting, aggression, change of behaviour ,self-harming, bullying It is unusual for most settings to try a few strategies’ first before referring to other professionals sometimes unwanted behaviour is a result of a medical condition or learning difficulty while others might be linked to emotional difficulty that the child has table 2 shows some of the pros who may support the child and their family. GP family doctor This is often the first part of call as the family doctor will able to refer to others. Health visitor A health visitor may visit the family at home and give some advice. Educational physcologist The educational physcologist will look at the children’s learning and behaviour. Child psychiatrist A child psychiatrist will help children who may have metal health issues. Family counsellor A family counsellor may help work with whole family and child. Play therapist Children who have had some trauma may see a play therapist so that they can work on what has happened.

Comparing the Characters of Faustus and Hamlet - 1767 Words

Both Hamlet and Faustus contain a clash of themes and traditions, all catalysed by Religion. This is used to establish a theme of deception, which greatly impacts the protagonist’s procrastination. Procrastination is considered to be Hamlet’s tragic flaw, however Faustus’s flaw is considered to be his hubris. Hamlet is in fact a play adapted by Shakespeare, not by name. But there are several scriptures that can be identified to being similar to the plot. One is called Saga of Hrolf Kraki. Believed to be Scandinavian. The second is the Roman legend of Brutus. In Shakespeare’s version Hamlet is the prince of Denmark heir to the throne, whose life takes a turn for the worst after his father’s death. This version of Hamlet is the most†¦show more content†¦Therefore we can assume that Faustus is a protestant, but it can be argued that Marlowe could have possibly made this protestant connection in his defence to cease all accusations about him being a practicing catholic. Hence, the scene where Faustus appears to be mocking the pope. â€Å"The pay is built upon Hamlet’s hesitation over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him: but its text offers no reason or motives for these hesitations† (Sigmund Freud) This comment gives us an insight that Hamlet’s tragic flaw is in fact his procrastination to killing Claudius. Although the literal text does not offer a valid reason for his procrastination, the sub-text imposes a compelling argument. â€Å"I am thy father’s spirit, Doom’d for a certain term to walk the night, and for the day confined to fast in fires, till the foul crimes done in my days of nature are burnt and purged away† (1.5.9) The ghost appears before Hamlet and claims to be the spirit of his father; he also mentions that he is in purgatory. While belief in Purgatory remains part of Roman Catholic teaching today, the Protestant Reformers explicitly rejected it in the sixteenth century1. This suggests that the ghost is a catholic, which may not have made a difference to Hamlet’s character, however although the plays story is set in the late middle ages (before the Protestant Reformation),Show MoreRelatedShift from Medieval Scholasticism to Humanism800 Words   |  3 Pagesthe origins of what would later come to be known as the humanities (Kristeller, 1965). It can be viewed as the fulfilment of life through reason and science, as opposed to religion and faith. The protagonists found in Shakespeares Hamlet and Marlowes Dr. Faustus can be seen as literary explorers in the shift from medieval schloasticism to humanism - each embodying the ideals of humanist thought. Prior to the societal shift away from the scholasticism which had become so evident, most productionsRead MoreThe Function Of The Tragic Greek Chorus1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Function of the Tragic Greek Chorus Theatre,† Albert Weiner, who is known for editing Hamlet: The First Quarto, 1603, explains that the Chorus in Greek drama was a troupe of actors who described and commented on the main action of the play through song, dance and recitation (205). Weiner goes on to explain that Greek tragedy began with choral performances dating back to the 5th century B.C. (205). In Weiner’s article, he pulls a quote from Chapter 18 of Aristotle’s Poetics, where Aristotle

Sleep Is The Body s Way Of Cleansing - 1556 Words

Sleep is essential; every living things needs sleep. Sleep is the body s way of cleansing itself; without it our bodies could not function. Sleep has multiple health benefits effecting every aspect of our lives; sleep is so essential for the body that humans spend 1/3 of their lives asleep. Humans have been fascinated with sleep throughout history; several early scientist like Aristotle in 350 CE who formed a hypothesis that sleep was a form of physical renewal (Borel, 2014). Humans know little about sleep and see it as a inconvenience, we take sleep for granted and the repercussion of not getting enough sleep is not healthy. Sleep deprivation impacts ones overall health by contributing to multiple primary biological functions. Every†¦show more content†¦During the light sleep stage the eyes stop moving completely and the heart rate and breathing rate decrease causing body temperatures to drop. During this stage the brain starts sending out k-complexes, which help by blockin g out outside noises and are essential to entering the next stage (Borel, 2014). During deep sleep the brain produces oscillating electrical signals, these help the bodies muscles relax causing blood pressure to drop (Stickgold, 2015). Deep sleep is the stage in which the body goes through the most physical restorative phrase (Borel, 2014). During deep sleep tissue growth and repairing occurs, and the brain release growth hormones that helps develop muscles (Whats Happens, 2015). During deep sleep the body is in its most vulnerable state while the brain retains memories from throughout the day. Without sleep our brains could not process information and clear space for new memories (Stanley, 2015). The changes in the brain as it ages are associated with decrease in deep sleep, this creates a problem for the brain because it becomes harder to retain memory (Borel, 2014). Sleep is essential to many of the bodies biological functions, Dr. James Maas says the knowledge about sleep, just like knowledge about nutrition and exercise, is essential to your life, for happiness, productivity, and general health ( Maas, James). They re multiple health benefits that the body endure while asleep that are essential

What Was The Political Structure Of The Mayans From 600 Ce

AP World History 1st Semester Exam Study Guide What was the political structure of the Mayans from 600 CE to 900 CE? The political structure of the Mayans was split up into two city states with a governing body overseeing each of them, never under one ruler. How does Confucian philosophy attempt to create social harmony? His philosophies said that the goal of an emperor is to bring peace to the people, the philosophies also promoted fairness and loyalty among the state. Where was the eventual destination of the largest share of African slaves? The largest share of African slaves were sent to Brazil during the Atlantic Slave trade. Be able to describe the East African trading centers PRIOR to the arrival of the Portuguese. The trading centers had a large Islamic population along with native Africans, and were thriving, before the arrival of the Portuguese. Feudalism refers to? A social structure prevalent in Western Europe, in which landlords held power over large estates that serfs or laborers worked on. The landlords in return provided protection of the people working on the land. Be able to find comparisons between the political systems in Western Europe and China from 1000 – 1300 CE. A major comparison among the two regions was that in Western Europe multiple monarchies were being developed, whereas China maintained a single empire, throughout this time period. Be able to describe characteristics of hunting and gathering. Was there widespread specialization ofShow MoreRelatedAncient And Culture : Guatemala, Mayan Time Period1491 Words   |  6 PagesTikal Temple Country/Culture: Guatemala, Mayan Time Period: Early Classic to Late Classic - 300-850 CE. Temple Type: Mayan Civilization Description: Tikal is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala. Cultural Context: The name Guatemala, signifying place that is known for timberlands, was gotten from one of the Mayan vernaculars talked by the indigenous individuals at the season of the Spanish triumph in 1523. It is utilized today by pariahs, and additionally by most subjectsRead MoreHow The Environment Impacted The Political Structure Of One Pre Columbian Society2426 Words   |  10 PagesSummer Period 1 Key Concept 1 Identify and briefly explain how the environment impacted the political structure of ONE pre-Columbian Society: Although the Mayans are often thought of as one entire civilization, the Mayans were never united as a single empire. The Mayans lived in separate political states that coexisted with trade and political alliances. Squash, corn, fish and beans are just examples of what trade occurred throughout the empire. In order to grow and produce these crops for trade theyRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 Pages* Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.) | Basic Features at Beginning of period | Key Continuities | Key Changes | Basic Features at End of Period | Reasons for Change or Continuities | Global Trade What other trading systems existed at the beginning of the period? The Indian Ocean system is a continuity, not a change.What about the gold-salt trade? Dont you mean the Pax  Mongolica? | * Trade was very international. * Silk roads linked Eurasia, and goods traded hands manyRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a defining

Creativity for Problem Solving through Osbon Method- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCreativity for Problem Solving through Osbon Parnes Method. Answer: Insight into ocean waste Oceans can be considered as an important natural resource for the aquatic animals for example fungi, fish, platypus, whales and others. The ocean water is their abode. Along with this, ocean is also a means of important means of transport in terms. Evidence suggest that ocean routes were used by the businesspersons for the purpose of trade. Studies also suggest that oceans were also used for providing a thrilling experience to the passengers on vacation through boats, ships (Nationalgeographic.com 2017). With the advancement of civilization and science, the oceans have degraded in its quality. This is because of the wastes, which are dumped in the lands surrounding the oceans. The wastes dumped by the people on the roads get drained away with the winds to the rivers, oceans and ponds. The scraps from the boats make the ocean water dirty and polluted. Tsunamis transfer the wastes from the lands to the oceans. Effect of ocean waste Rubbish or the wastes make the ocean water polluted, which snatches the habitat of the aquatic animals. These wastes consist of many harmful chemicals, which if consumed, leads to the death of the animals. Along with this, oil spillage from the industrial chemicals is also considered as a waste, which degrades the freshness of the ocean water (Nationalgeographic.com 2017). Oceans are also a source of income for many fisherman, living near the oceans. Due to the wastes, they lose their occupation. Many of the times, the effect of the wastes is also seen in the form of diseases, to which the fisherman and their family fall prey. The cure of these diseases is not available easily, which results in their death. Negligence towards the wastes is a common thing, which pollutes the surrounding environment of the oceans. Keeping the carcass of the dead animals, corals, fungi as it is for a long time generates the risk of many infectious diseases. One of the major concerns is the plastics, which are non-biodegradable. This aggravates the complexities of the harmful diseases in case of the animals, plants as well as humans. According to a study, till now 5.25 trillion wastes have been collected from the oceans (Nationalgeographic.com 2017). The count is still not over. Most of these wastes are plastic, which has horrific consequences for the seabirds, marine animals and people. Theoretical perspective to the ocean waste In view of the intense loss and damage of the people and the sea animals, solutions needs to be achieved for ensuring the wellbeing of the environment as a whole. Taking into consideration, Osborn Parnes model of problem solving method would be effective in achieving positive outcomes. Creativity is an important element of this model. The model is the outcome of conglomeration of several theorists, planning to make the persons more creative in exercising the process of problem solving (Cybulski et al. 2015). There are various versions and processes of solving the problems through Osborn Parnes model. Divergent and convergent are the versions specified in this problem solving process. Finding many ideas through the speculation of the ocean areas and the wastes can be correlated with the divergent aspect. Experimenting with the gathered ideas would help the scientists to narrow down the area and reach the conclusion. Maintenance of consistency is crucial in this direction for the achievement of appropriate solutions for mitigating the generation of the ocean waste (Wood and Bilsborow 2015). Figure 1: Steps of Osborn Parnes problem solving model Mess finding is the first stage of Osborn Parnes model. Searching the mess gathered in the ocean areas would bring to the forefront the wastes, which are disposable and which are not. This experimentation would enable the personnel to undertake decisions regarding the appropriateness, effectiveness and feasibility of the solid waste management in the oceans. Assessment of the financial condition would be assistance in terms of finding data for the proper application of this method (Basadur, Gelade and Basadur 2014). For this, the scientists can take into consideration the previous research carried out by the researchers regarding mitigation of the wastes in the oceans. Referring to the previous research enhances the knowledge of the scientists regarding mitigation of the wastes generated in the oceans and the nearby areas. This step is important in terms of delving deep into the problem. Getting better access to the problem of the ocean wastes is a direct assistance in terms of think ing about the solutions, which seem relevant. Delving deep into the problems would help the people to get ideas for clearing the oceans and the surrounding areas. Countering this, relevancy of the applied solution would be reflected from evaluation of applied solution (Lancaster et al. 2017). For example, meeting could be organized with the government officials and Ministry of environment regarding the effectiveness of solid waste management for reducing the waste generation in the oceans. Confirmation and approval from the board panel is the penultimate step of this model. This step validates the process of problem solving for reducing the wastes generated in and around the oceans. Critical insight into Osborn Parnes model Finding is the common activity of this problem solving method. Evaluation of the undertaken solid waste management process would make the scientists aware of its effectiveness. Consistent evaluations would broaden the perspective of the scientists (Sousa et al. 2014). This would help the scientists to apply alternative solutions for clearing the wastes in the ocean and the surrounding areas. It might be the case that the scientists might find some other way out for this purpose. Herein social media is appropriate means for solving the problem in a modernized way. Scanning the wastes in the ocean and the surrounding areas can be an effective example in this case. Uploading the pictures of the wastes in the social networking sites and asking suggestions from the public can also be an effective and creative way of getting rid of the ocean waste. Asking the people to provide suggestions can be an effective means in terms of the strengthening the relationship between the government and th e people (Bae and Lee 2016). If this bondage is strengthened, then many effective solutions can come out regarding the preservation of the ecological diversity. References and Bibliography Bae, J.H. and Lee, H., 2016, December. Design and Implementation of the Mobile Learning App for Creative Problem Solving Activities. InInternational Conference on Computer Science and its Applications(pp. 786-792). Springer Singapore. Basadur, M., Gelade, G. and Basadur, T., 2014. Creative problem-solving process styles, cognitive work demands, and organizational adaptability.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,50(1), pp.80-115. Cybulski, J.L., Keller, S., Nguyen, L. and Saundage, D., 2015. Creative problem solving in digital space using visual analytics.Computers in Human Behavior,42, pp.20-35. Lancaster, C., Lenz, A.S., Brasfield, M.W., Bailey-Smith, L.A. and Dempsey, M.C., 2017. Evaluation of a School Counselor-Led Creativity Intervention Group: An Opportunity for School Counselor Leadership and Advocacy.Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy,4(1), pp.16-27. Nationalgeographic.com (2017). Ocean plastic sea trash science marine debris. Available at: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150109-oceans-plastic-sea-trash-science-marine-debris/ [Accessed on 14th November 2017] Sisk, D.A., 2014. Optimizing creativity.Gifted Education International,30(2), pp.148-159. Sousa, F.C., Monteiro, I.P., Walton, A.P. and Pissarra, J., 2014. Adapting creative problem solving to an organizational context: A study of its effectiveness with a student population.Creativity and Innovation Management,23(2), pp.111-120. Wood, D. and Bilsborow, C., 2015. I am not a Person with a Creative Mind': Facilitating Creativity in the Undergraduate Curriculum Through a Design-Based Research Approach.Leading Issues in elearning,2, p.79.